Dereferencing

Birth: 1791-05-15 (Amsterdam)

Death: 1866-03-29 (The Hague)

Floris Adriaan, Baron van Hall (15 May 1791 - 29 March 1866) was a prominent Dutch nobleman and statesman in the 19th century. He played an important role as representative of the Amsterdam trade and banking sector, and later as politician. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1853 to 1856, and again from 1860 to 1861.

Birth: 1793-07-06 (Amsterdam)

Death: 1870-02-12 (Arnhem)

Jacobus Mattheüs de Kempenaer (6 July 1793, in Amsterdam – 12 February 1870, in Arnhem) was a lawyer and politician in Arnhem, where he served as chairman of the board of commerce, a member of the board of Arnhem and a member of the Provincial States of Gelderland. In the House of Representatives de Kempenaer was considered a liberal, and in 1844 he was among the nine men who initiated the amendment to the Constitution of the Netherlands. De Kempenaer was appointed to the Constitution Commission headed by Johan Rudolph Thorbecke in 1848, and as Minister of the Interior and de facto Prime Minister he played an important role in the creation of the revision of the Constitution. Having resigned his offices in 1849, de Kempenaer subsequently became a conservative, in opposition to Thorbecke.

Birth: 1797-10-23 (Etten-Leur)

Death: 1871-01-21 (The Hague)

Jan Jacob Rochussen (Dutch pronunciation: [jɑn ˈjaːkɔp ˈroːɣʏsən]; 23 October 1797 – 21 January 1871) was a Dutch politician. He served as Finance Minister from 1840 to 1843 and Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1845 to 1851. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 18 March 1858 to 23 February 1860.

Birth: 1798-01-14 (Zwolle)

Death: 1872-06-04 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: Leiden University

Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872) was a Dutch politician and statesman of Liberal signature, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century.In 1848 he virtually single-handedly drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving less power to the king, and more to the States General of the Netherlands.

Birth: 1804-08-06 (Nijmegen)

Death: 1863-10-02

Justinus Jacob Leonard van der Brugghen (6 August 1804, in Nijmegen – 2 October 1863, in Ubbergen) was a Dutch politician.

Birth: 1807-11-14

Death: 1864-12-20

Schelto Baron van Heemstra (14 November 1807 – 20 December 1864) was a Dutch politician. He was Prime Minister from 1861 to 1862.

Birth: 1809-12-16

Death: 1879-02-21

Mr. Pieter Philip van Bosse (16 December 1809 – 21 February 1879) was a Dutch liberal politician. Serving as minister of Finance in six cabinets throughout the middle of the 19th century, Van Bosse led many reforms that liberalised the Dutch economy. He led a cabinet himself as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 June 1868 to 4 January 1871.

Birth: 1816-06-29 (Dordrecht)

Death: 1890-11-04 (The Hague)

Jacob Pieter Pompejus, Baron van Zuylen van Nijevelt (29 June 1816 – 4 November 1890) was a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands in 1861.

Birth: 1818-02-22 (Haarlem)

Death: 1900-03-04 (The Hague)

Gerrit Abrahamszoon de Vries (22 February 1818 – 4 March 1900) was a Dutch jurist and politician. He was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 June 1872 to 27 August 1874.

Birth: 1818-07-30 (Amsterdam)

Death: 1897-10-09 (The Hague)

Jan Heemskerk Abrahamszoon (Dutch pronunciation: [jɑn ˈɦeːmskɛrk ˈaːbraːɦɑmsˌsoːn]; 30 July 1818 – 9 October 1897) was a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1874 to 1877, and again from 1883 to 1888. His son, Theo Heemskerk also served as Prime Minister.

Birth: 1819-08-19 (Dommeldange)

Death: 1894-07-01 (The Hague)

Julius Philip Jacob Adriaan, count van Zuylen van Nijevelt (19 August 1819 – 1 July 1894) was a conservative Dutch politician.From 1855 till 1860 he served as Minister Resident in Istanbul, during which time he offered The Union Church of Istanbul to use the Dutch Chapel.Van Zuylen van Nijevelt served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands (chairman of the Council of Ministers) from 1866 to 1868. He also served as minister of Foreign Affairs from 1860 to 1861, and again from 1866 tot 1868.He married in Scotland and had three sons and two daughters.A member of the prominent Rotterdam patrician (regenten) family of Van Zuylen van Nijevelt, he was a son of Pieter Hendrik van Zuylen van Nijevelt, a Dutch general who was present at the Battle of Waterloo, among others.

Birth: 1822-03-22 (Goes)

Death: 1902-03-03 (The Hague)

Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte (22 March 1822, in Goes – 3 March 1902, in The Hague) was a Dutch politician. He was briefly Prime Minister in 1866 and Minister of Colonial Affairs from 1863 to 1866 and from 1872 to 1874.He trained as an officer at the Naval Institute in Medemblik but had to leave early and worked ten years in the merchant ships of Rotterdam shipowner Anthony van Hoboken where he rose to mate. In 1849 he became administrator at the sugar plantation Panji to Besuki on Java. He eventually returned to the Netherlands and in 1862 became a member of parliament. After a year of Chamber membership, he was in 1863 Minister of Colonies. He was in his first term beginning with the abolition of the detested by liberals Culture System .In 1866 in conflict with Thorbecke about colonial land policies. He formed the Cabinet Fransen van de Putte but was quickly overturned by Thorbecke.In 1872 Van de Putte returned to the Liberal Cabinet De Vries Fransen van de Putte. During that period, the government broke Aceh War from.He tried as actual prime minister in vain to mediate in the conflict between the king and his eldest son William . This issue occurred even that Van der Putte in 1877 occurred again in the Cabinet Kappeyne the Coppello . He had required that form the ministry would decide against the king before a wedding of the crown prince Countess Mathilde van Limburg Stirum . Formateur did not go far.Fransen van de Putte played later as senator a leading role.He married on March 28, 1850 in Delft Lucie Henriette Cornets de Groot. He was buried in the cemetery and Old Oak Dunes in The Hague.

Birth: 1822-10-02 (The Hague)

Death: 1895-07-28 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: Leiden University

Joannes (Jan) Kappeyne van de Coppello (The Hague, 2 October 1822 – The Hague, 28 July 1895) was a Dutch liberal politician. He was prime minister of the Netherlands between 1877 and 1879.

Birth: 1826-02-24 (Utrecht)

Death: 1885-11-18 (Langbroek)

Constantijn Theodoor Tellen van Lynden van Sandenburg, (24 February 1826 – 18 November 1885) was a Dutch politician. Lynden van Sandenburg served as Prime Minister (leading minister) of the Netherlands between 1879 and 1883.

Birth: 1837-10-29 (Maassluis)

Death: 1920-11-08 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: Leiden University

Abraham Kuijper /ˈkaɪpər/ (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈaːbraːɦɑm ˈkœypər]; 29 October 1837 – 8 November 1920), generally known as Abraham Kuyper, was a Dutch journalist, statesman and Neo-Calvinist theologian. He was a master organiser. He founded a new church (the Gereformeerde Kerken), a newspaper, the Free University of Amsterdam, and the Anti-Revolutionary Party. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands between 1901 and 1905. In religious affairs, he sought to adapt the Dutch Reformed Church to the challenges posed by the loss of state financial and aid, by religious pluralism, rising nationalism, and the Arminian religious revivals of his day which denied predestination. He vigorously denounced modernism in theology as a fad that would pass away. In politics, he dominated the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) from its founding 1879 to his death in 1920. He promoted pillarisation, the social expression of the anti-thesis in public life, whereby Protestant, Catholic and secular elements each had their own independent schools, universities and social organisations.

Birth: 1838-11-29 (Nijmegen)

Death: 1909-11-13 (The Hague)

Æneas, Baron Mackay Jr. (29 November 1838 – 13 November 1909) was a Dutch Anti-Revolutionary politician. He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1888 to 1891.

Birth: 1839-02-07 (Amsterdam)

Death: 1909-12-24 (Heemstede)

Alma Mater: University of Cambridge

Nicolaas Gerard Pierson (7 February 1839 – 24 December 1909) was a Dutch economist and Liberal statesman who served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) of the Netherlands from 1897 until 1901.Pierson was a professor economics and statistics at the University of Amsterdam and director and presiding director (president-directeur) of the De Nederlandsche Bank, the Dutch national bank. He was minister of Finance in the Cabinet Van Tienhoven. During his term of office he introduced an important tax revision. After serving as chairman of the Council of Ministers for four years he took a seat in the House of Representatives for the constituency of Gorinchem from 1905 to 1909. Pierson received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambridge.

Birth: 1841-02-12 (http://dbpedia.org/resource/De_Werken)

Death: 1914-10-10 (Bentveld)

Alma Mater: University of Amsterdam

Gijsbert van Tienhoven (12 February 1841 – 10 October 1914) was a liberal Dutch politician. He started his political career in the municipal council and executive of Amsterdam, and served as mayor of Amsterdam from 1880 to 1891. He spent one year in the House of Representatives and eleven years in the Senate before being appointed formateur after the 1891 general election. For three years, he served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of Foreign Affairs before his cabinet fell in 1894. He also served as Queen's Commissioner of North Holland for fourteen years, between 1897 and 1911.

Birth: 1844-07-21 (Haarlem)

Death: 1914-07-13 (The Hague)

Jonkheer Joan Röell (21 July 1844 – 13 July 1914) was a Dutch nobleman, lawyer and statesman. He was a member of a prominent Dutch noble family which produced many public administrators and politicians.From 1894 to 1897 Röell headed the Dutch government as Prime Minister (formally: chairman of the Council of Ministers) and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Birth: 1846-05-14 (The Hague)

Death: 1935-07-15 (The Hague)

Pieter Wilhelm Adrianus Cort van der Linden (14 May 1846 – 15 July 1935) was a Dutch politician. He served as prime minister of the Netherlands between 1913 and 1918.He was the last prime minister to lead a pure liberal cabinet and the last liberal to be PM until Mark Rutte in 2010 (92 years later). However, the cabinet held only a minority in parliament and depended on the support of the social democrats (similar to the recent liberal-led Dutch minority cabinet depending on the support of the PVV, although the Cort van der Linden government is considered progressive-liberal).One of his major achievements was maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War, although personally he was pro-German.He also introduced universal suffrage in the Netherlands. Because of this, the Social Democratic Workers' Party and the Algemeene Bond van RK-kiesverenigingen, a Catholic party, won the 1918 elections. The Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck took Cort van der Linden's place as Prime minister.

Birth: 1851-12-16 (Harderwijk)

Death: 1919-12-27 (The Hague)

Theodoor Herman "Theo" de Meester (16 December 1851 – 27 December 1919) was a Dutch Liberal politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of Finance from 1905 to 1908. De Meester was the son of Gerrit Abraham de Meester (1817–1864), who had been a member of the Dutch parliament for the Zwolle constituency from 1862 to 1864. A former administrator in the Dutch East Indies, De Meester's cabinet was inaugurated on 17 August 1905. It consisted of five Liberal, two Free-minded Democratic, and two non-partisan ministers. It had no majority in either of the two Dutch chambers, and earned the nickname Porcelain Cabinet. His government first resigned in December 1906, when the defence budget for 1907 wasn't approved by the Dutch senate. That resignation was refused by Queen Wilhelmina, but the government fell in December 1907, when the Dutch parliament disapproved the defence budget for 1908. The government remained as a demissionair until 12 February 1908.

Birth: 1852-07-20 (Amsterdam)

Death: 1932-06-12 (Utrecht)

Theodorus "Theo" Heemskerk (20 July 1852 – 12 June 1932) was a Dutch Anti-Revolutionary politician who served as Minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers (a post later dubbed Prime Minister), from 1908 to 1913. Heemskerk is particularly known as the founder of the Dutch poverty and vaccination laws. His father Jan Heemskerk also served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands.

Birth: 1869-06-22 (Burgerveen)

Death: 1944-09-18 (Ilmenau)

Hendrikus (Hendrik) Colijn (22 June 1869 – 18 September 1944) was a Dutch soldier, businessman and politician who was Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1925 to 1926 and again from 1933 to 1939.

Birth: 1870-12-14 (Groningen)

Death: 1960-11-28

Jonkheer Dirk Jan de Geer (14 December 1870 – 28 November 1960) was a Dutch nobleman, lawyer, conservative statesman and prime minister of the Netherlands (1926–1929, 1939–1940). He was disgraced for advocating a peace settlement between the Kingdom and Nazi Germany in 1940. Born in Groningen, he was a descendant of the De Geer family painted by Rembrandt. After receiving his doctorate in law in 1895, De Geer worked as a journalist and acted as town councillor of Rotterdam (1901–1907). He served from 1907 as a Christian Historical) member of Parliament.De Geer was a stable and respected politician before the war. From 1920 to 1921 de Geer served as mayor of Arnhem. Between 1921 and 1923 de Geer served as Minister of Finance. He resigned in 1923 because of his disagreement with the Naval Law of 1924. From 1925-1926 he served as minister of the interior and minister of agriculture. He was Prime Minister from 8 March 1926 to 10 August 1929. He also served as Minister of Finances from 1926 to 1933.

Birth: 1873-12-01 (Roermond)

Death: 1936-04-17 (Utrecht)

Alma Mater: Utrecht University

Jhr. Charles Joseph Maria Ruijs de Beerenbrouck (1 December 1873 – 17 April 1936) was a Dutch nobleman and Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1918 to 1925 and again from 1929 to 1933. He was a member of the Roman Catholic RKSP.

Birth: 1885-04-13 (Goënga)

Death: 1961-09-07 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: Vrije Universiteit

Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (13 April 1885 – 7 September 1961) was a Dutch politician of the Anti Revolutionary Party (ARP). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 3 September 1940 until 24 June 1945. He was the Prime Minister of the Dutch government in exile during World War II.

Birth: 1886-07-05 (Amsterdam)

Death: 1988-05-14 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: University of Maryland

Willem Drees (About this sound Dutch pronunciation ) (July 5, 1886 – May 14, 1988) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from August 7, 1948 until December 22, 1958.He previously served as Member of the House of Representatives from May 9, 1933 until June 24, 1945. And as the Parliamentary leader of the Social Democratic Workers' Party in the House of Representatives from August 19, 1939 until June 24, 1945 when he became Minister of Social Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister serving from June 24, 1945 until August 7, 1948 in the Cabinets Schermerhorn-Drees and Beel I. He served again a short periode as a Member of the House of Representatives, after the Dutch general election of 1946 from June 4, 1946 until July 4, 1946. After the Dutch general election of 1948, Drees became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinets Drees-Van Schaik, Drees I, Drees II and Drees III. And as acting Minister of Colonial Affairs from March 15, 1951 until March 31, 1951 and as acting Minister of Finance from July 1, 1952 until September 2, 1952, following the resignations of Johannes Henricus van Maarseveen and Piet Lieftinck respectively. He again had two short stints as a Member of the House of Representatives after the Dutch general election of 1952 and 1952, serving from July 15, 1952 until September 2, 1952 and from July 3, 1956 until October 3, 1956.After his premiership, Drees retired from active politics. He was already seventy-two and second oldest person who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands after Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, who died in office at the age of seventy-four. On December 22, 1958 he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State. He remained a very active observer of Dutch politics, publishing a substantial number of books and articles until the age of ninety-seven. Willem Drees died on May 14, 1988 at the age of 7009321444720000000♠101 years, 314 days, and is one of the few longest lived state leaders who became a centenarian. He is praised by many as the most important Dutch politician after World War II for his important contributions and social reforms laws. Drees was chosen as the best Prime Minister of the Netherlands after World War II after an opinion polling conducted by the VPRO in 2006.

Birth: 1894-12-17 (Akersloot)

Death: 1977-03-10 (Haarlem)

Alma Mater: Delft University of Technology

Willem "Wim" Schermerhorn (17 December 1894 – 10 March 1977) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1945 until 1946. He was the first Prime Minister after World War II. According to Harry W. Laidler, the government under Schermerhorn’s premiership “achieved important results in the fields of labor, finance, housing, old age pensions, and the social services.”

Birth: 1901-08-26 ('s-Hertogenbosch)

Death: 1985-07-04 (Beers, North Brabant)

Alma Mater: Utrecht University

Jan Eduard de Quay (August 26, 1901 – July 4, 1985) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from May 19, 1959 until July 24, 1963. He previously served as Minister of War from April 4, 1945 until June 24, 1945 in the Cabinet Gerbrandy III. He became Queen's Commissioner of North Brabant serving from November 1, 1946 until May 19, 1959. After the Dutch general election of 1959, de Quay became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinet De Quay. And as acting Minister of Defence from August 1, 1959 until September 4, 1959 following the resignation of Sidney J. van den Bergh.After his premiership, De Quay remained in active politics and became a Member of the Senate from June 25, 1963 until November 22, 1966 when he became Minister of Transport and Water Management and Deputy Prime Minister in the caretaker Cabinet Zijlstra serving from November 22, 1966 until April 5, 1967. He became again a Member of the Senate serving from June 13, 1967 until September 16, 1969.

Birth: 1902-04-12 (Roermond)

Death: 1977-02-11 (Utrecht (province))

Alma Mater: Radboud University Nijmegen

Louis Joseph Maria Beel (April 12, 1902 – February 11, 1977) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from July 3, 1946 until August 7, 1948 and again from December 22, 1958 until May 19, 1959. Because of his long service record he was considered by some as having the status of a statesman.On November 22, 1956, he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State.

Birth: 1914-07-18 (Roermond)

Death: 1971-12-30 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: Radboud University Nijmegen

Jozef Maria Laurens Theo "Jo" Cals (July 18, 1914 – December 30, 1971) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from April 14, 1965 until November 22, 1966.He previously served as a Member of the House of Representatives from August 19, 1948 until March 15, 1950, when he became State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science serving from March 15, 1950 until September 2, 1952 in the Cabinets Drees-Van Schaik and Drees I. He became Minister of Education, Culture and Science serving from September 2, 1952 until July 24, 1963 in the Cabinets Drees II, III, Beel II and De Quay. He again returned to the House of Representatives for two short periods, after the Dutch general election of 1956 and 1959. Serving from July 3, 1956 until October 3, 1956 and from March 20, 1959 until May 19, 1959. And again a Member of the House of Representatives from July 2, 1963 until April 14, 1965. After the fall of the Cabinet Marijnen, Cals became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinet Cals.After his premiership, Cals semi-retired from active politics and served as a civil servant leading several governmental commissions. On December 5, 1966 he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State, which he held until his death.

Birth: 1915-04-03 (Apeldoorn)

Alma Mater: Royal Naval College (Netherlands)

Petrus Jozef Sietse "Piet" de Jong (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈpeːtrʏs ˈjoːzəf ˈsitsə ˈpit də ˈjɔŋ]; born 3 April 1915) is a retired Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 5 April 1967 until 6 July 1971.De Jong a decorated naval officer veteran of World War II, graduated from the Royal Netherlands Naval College in 1934 and joined the Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service and served on HNLMS O 24 during World War II, he ended the war as the commanding officer of that vessel. The HNLMS O 24 was one of the few Dutch submarines that survived World War II. During his service in World War II he was awarded the Bronze Cross twice, the first time in 1940 and for the second time in 1943, De Jong was also awarded the Distinguished Service Cross of the United Kingdom for his services and leadership during World War II.After World War II De Jong continued to serve in the Royal Netherlands Navy, commanding the frigate HNLMS De Zeeuw from 1951 until 1952 and the destroyer HNLMS Gelderland from 1958 until 1959. Between his two assignments as commanding officer he served as chief of staff to Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld and aide-de-camp to Queen Juliana from 1955 until 1958. De Jong eventually rose to the rank of Captain in 1958 but retired from active service a year later when he was asked by the Catholic People's Party to serve on their behalf as Undersecretary for the Navy.De Jong served as Undersecretary for the Navy from 25 June 1959 until 24 July 1963 in the Cabinet De Quay. He later became Minister of Defence serving from 24 July 1963 until 5 April 1967 in the Cabinets Marijnen, Cals and Zijlstra. After the Dutch general election of 1967, De Jong became Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs, leading the Cabinet de Jong. He also served as acting Minister of Economic Affairs from 7 January 1970 until 14 January 1970 following the resignation of Leo de Block, he was succeeded by Roelof Nelissen. The resignation of De Block marked the only change in the Council of Ministers during the full term of the cabinet.Despite his popularity, the Catholic People's Party refused to nominate him as the Lijsttrekker (top candidate) for the Dutch general election of 1971 because of his alleged "conservative image" and he was replaced by his Minister of Education and Science Gerard Veringa who had a more "progressive image". After his premiership, De Jong remained in active politics and became the Parliamentary leader of the Catholic People's Party in the Senate and a Member of the Senate serving from 11 May 1971 until 17 September 1974 and finally retiring from active politics at the age of fifty-nine. Following the end of his active political career, De Jong occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards in the business and industry world (Royal Dutch Shell, Douwe Egberts, Het Financieele Dagblad, DAF, Koninklijke Hoogovens, SHV Holdings, CSM N.V., Radio Netherlands Worldwide and the Netherlands Red Cross).De Jong is known for his dry wit and quick remarks. His abilities as a team leader with perspective and pragmatism were greatly admired. The Cabinet De Jong was the first cabinet after World War II that completed a full term without any internal conflicts. As of 2015, he is the oldest and earliest serving former Prime Minister of the Netherlands and the second oldest living state leader (and the oldest living non-acting state leader) at the age of 100. Over 44 years after he left office, De Jong continues to comment on political affairs as an elder statesman.

Birth: 1917-02-21 (Arnhem)

Death: 1975-04-05 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: Radboud University Nijmegen

Victor Gerard Marie "Vic" Marijnen (21 February 1917 – 5 April 1975) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Catholic People's Party (KVP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 24 July 1963 until 14 April 1965.Marijnen a Civil servant by occupation, he worked for the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1941 until 1957. Marijnen became General-Secretary of the Roman Catholic employers' organizations in the Netherlands in 1957. Marijnen was asked to become Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries after the Dutch general election of 1959 in the Cabinet De Quay under Prime Minister Jan de Quay of his own party. Marijnen took office as the Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries on 19 May 1959. Marijnen served as acting Minister of Social Affairs and Health from 3 July 1961 until 17 July 1961 following the resignation of Charles van Rooy. He served a short period as a Member of the House of Representatives from 2 July 1963 until 24 July 1963. After the Dutch general election of 1963, Marijnen became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinet Marijnen.After his premiership, Marijnen remained in active politics and became again a Member of the House of Representatives from 27 April 1965 until 14 January 1966. He later became Mayor of The Hague serving from 16 October 1968 until his death from a heart attack on 5 April 1975.

Birth: 1918-08-27 (Oosterbierum)

Death: 2001-12-23 (Wassenaar)

Alma Mater: Erasmus University Rotterdam

Jelle Zijlstra (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjɛlə ˈzɛilstraː]; 27 August 1918 – 23 December 2001) was a Dutch politician of the now defunct Anti Revolutionary Party (ARP) which merged in 1977 into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 November 1966 until 5 April 1967.An economist by occupation, he became a professor of Economics at the Vrije Universiteit at the age of thirty in 1948. Zijlstra was asked to become Minister of Economic Affairs after the Dutch general election of 1952 in the Cabinet Drees II under Prime Minister Willem Drees of the Labour Party, he resigned as a professor the same day he took office as the new Minister of Economic Affairs on 2 September 1952. Zijlstra became the lijsttrekker (top candidate) of the Anti Revolutionary Party for the Dutch general election of 1956 and served as Party leader from 23 April 1956 to 3 October 1956, and as the Parliamentary leader of the Anti Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives from 14 June 1956 to 3 October 1956 and a Member of the House of Representatives from 3 July 1956 to 3 October 1956. After a slow cabinet formation the Cabinet Drees III was formed and Zijlstra remained as Minister of Economic Affairs. The Cabinet Drees III fell on 22 December 1958 and a caretaker cabinet was formed by former Prime Minister Louis Beel of the Catholic People's Party. Zijlstra remained as Minister of Economic Affairs and dual served as Minister of Finance in the Cabinet Beel II. Zijlstra again became the lijsttrekker for the Anti Revolutionary Party during the Dutch general election of 1959, and served as Party leader of the Anti Revolutionary Party a second time from 29 December 1958 until 26 May 1959. After a quicker formation the new Cabinet De Quay was formed on 19 May 1959. Zijlstra remained as Minister of Finance under the new Prime Minister Jan de Quay of the Catholic People's Party, and served until 14 July 1963 when the Cabinet Marijnen was installed.Zijlstra became a Member of the Senate on 25 June 1963 and returned to the Vrije Universiteit as an associate professor of Public finances. On 14 October 1966 the Cabinet Cals the successor of the Cabinet Marijnen fell after the Party leader of the Catholic People's Party Norbert Schmelzer proposed a Motion of no confidence against the Cabinet Cals and Prime Minister Jo Cals who was a member of his own party. The Dutch political landscape was fractured and Zijlstra was asked to form a caretaker cabinet which had the main task to write out an early Dutch general election in 1967. Zijlstra became Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs on 22 November 1966 and resigned as a Member of the Senate. Zijlstra dual served as Minister of Finance leading the Cabinet Zijlstra until 5 April 1967 when the Cabinet De Jong was installed.After his premiership, Zijlstra retired from active politics at the age of forty-eight and became the President of the Central Bank of the Netherlands, serving from 1 May 1967 until 1 January 1982. On 16 September 1966 he was already named as President of the Central Bank of the Netherlands but his unexpected premiership delayed this. Zijlstra also occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards in the business and industry world. Zijlstra was widely respected for his expertise and integrity, and was a godparent of King Willem-Alexander. On 30 April 1983 he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State, which he held until his death.

Birth: 1919-08-09 (Hilversum)

Death: 1987-12-24 (Amsterdam)

Alma Mater: University of Amsterdam

Johannes Marten den Uijl, known as Joop den Uyl (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjoːp dɛn ˈœy̯l]; 9 August 1919 – 24 December 1987) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 11 May 1973 until 19 December 1977.Den Uyl previously served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 6 November 1956 until 5 June 1963. He became Minister of Economic Affairs from 14 April 1965 until 22 November 1966 in the Cabinet Cals. He became the Labour Party Party leader on 13 September 1966 and served as the Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from 15 February 1967 until 11 May 1973 and again a Member of the House of Representatives from 23 February 1967 until 11 May 1973. Den Uyl became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading the Cabinet Den Uyl.After his prime-ministership, Den Uyl remained in active politics and returned as the Parliamentary leader in House of Representatives from 16 January 1978 until 10 September 1981 and a Member of the House of Representatives from 16 January 1978 until 11 September 1981. He became Minister of Social Affairs and Employment, Minister for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister from 11 September 1981 until 29 May 1982 in the Cabinet Van Agt II. After the fall of this cabinet, Den Uyl again became the Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives from 7 September 1982 until his resignation as Parliamentary leader and as the Labour Party Party leader on 21 July 1986, he was succeeded in both positions by Wim Kok. He served as a Member of the House of Representatives for the last time from 16 September 1982 until his death on 24 December 1987.He was seen as an idealistic, but also polarizing politician. Throughout history, Dutch political leaders have tended to soothing manners - Den Uyl was one of a relatively few exceptions. People either loved him or hated him. Followers of his idealistic policies called him Ome Joop (Uncle Joop). He was criticized for creating a budget deficit and polarizing Dutch politics. Associated with Den Uyl was the maakbare samenleving (the makeable society, the idea that society is constructed and that government is a player in the construction). Another idea associated with Den Uyl was de verbeelding aan de macht (imagination in the driver's seat, the power of conceptual thinking, particularly in politics).

Birth: 1920-04-05 (Haarlemmerliede)

Death: 2001-04-29 (Haarlem)

Alma Mater: Vrije Universiteit

Barend Willem Biesheuvel (April 5, 1920 – April 29, 2001) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Anti Revolutionary Party (ARP) now merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from July 6, 1971 until May 11, 1973.A Civil servant and Trade Union Leader by occupation, he was General Secretary of the Christian Farmers and Gardeners Association of the Netherlands (CBTB) from 1952 until 1959 and Chairman 1959 until 1963. Biesheuvel became a Member of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1956 after the Dutch general election of 1956. On March 7, 1961 he was selected as a Member of the European Parliament and dual served in those positions until July 24, 1963. Biesheuvel became the lijsttrekker (top candidate) of the Anti Revolutionary Party for the Dutch general election of 1963 and served as Party leader from July 1, 1963 until March 7, 1973. The Anti Revolutionary Party lost one seat but the following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement which formed the Cabinet Marijnen, Biesheuvel became Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries and Minister for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs. On February 28, 1965 the Cabinet Marijnen fell and was replaced by the Cabinet Cals, Biesheuvel remained as Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries and Minister for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs but served alongside Anne Vondeling as Deputy Prime Minister. On October 14, 1966 the Cabinet Cals also fell and a rump Cabinet Zijlstra was formed on November 22, 1966 Biesheuvel again remained as Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries and Minister for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs and this time served alongside former Prime Minister Jan de Quay as Deputy Prime Minister. For the Dutch general election of 1967 Biesheuvel again as lijsttrekker won two seats, primarily due to the popularity of Prime Minister Jelle Zijlstra. However Zijlstra announced he didn't wanted the serve a full term as Prime Minister and endorsed his Party leader Biesheuvel. The following cabinet formation failed to result in a coalition agreement to form a Cabinet Biesheuvel, and after a new cabinet formation the Cabinet De Jong was formed. Biesheuvel became the Parliamentary leader of the Anti Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives on February 16, 1967 and returned to the House of Representatives on February 23, 1967. The Cabinet De Jong served a complete full term and for the Dutch general election of 1971 Biesheuvel again as lijsttrekker lost two seats, but the following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement to form the Cabinet Biesheuvel I. Biesheuvel became Prime Minister of the Netherlands and Minister of General Affairs. On July 19, 1972 the Cabinet Biesheuvel I fell and a rump Cabinet Biesheuvel II was formed on August 9, 1972. For the Dutch general election of 1972 Biesheuvel again as lijsttrekker won one seat and Biesheuvel again became the Parliamentary leader of the Anti Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives on November 30, 1972 and returned to the House of Representatives on December 7, 1972. But the following slow cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement which formed the Cabinet Den Uyl and Biesheuvel announced his retirement from politics and stood down as Party leader of the Anti Revolutionary Party and resigned as Parliamentary leader of the Anti Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives and as a Member of the House of Representatives on March 7, 1973. Biesheuvel remained as Prime Minister until the Cabinet Den Uyl was installed on May 11, 1973. After his premiership, Biesheuvel retired from active politics at the age of fifty-three and occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards in the business and industry world (KLM, NIBC Bank, CSM N.V., AVEBE) and led several governmental commissions.

Birth: 1931-02-02 (Geldrop)

Alma Mater: Radboud University Nijmegen

Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdris fɑn ˈɑxt]; born 2 February 1931) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 19 December 1977 until 4 November 1982.Van Agt a jurist and civil servant by occupation, worked for the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Ministry of Justice from 1958 until 1968. Van Agt became a professor of Criminal procedure at the Radboud University Nijmegen in 1968. After the Dutch general election of 1971 Van Agt was asked by the Catholic People's Party (KVP) to become Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Biesheuvel I under Prime Minister Barend Biesheuvel of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP). Van Agt accepted and resigned as a professor the same day he took office as the new Minister of Justice on 6 July 1971. Van Agt remained Minister of Justice in the Cabinet Den Uyl under Prime Minister Joop den Uyl of the Labour Party following the Dutch general election of 1972, he also became Deputy Prime Minister serving from 11 May 1973 until 8 September 1977. On 22 October 1976 Van Agt was selected as the first Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal and became the Lijsttrekker (top candidate) for the Dutch general election of 1977. He resigned as Minister of Justice and Deputy Prime Minister to become the first Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives and a Member of the House of Representatives serving from 8 June 1977 until 19 December 1977. Following the election the Christian Democratic Appeal became the second largest party in the House of Representatives.After a failed cabinet formation with the Labour Party, Van Agt struck a deal with the Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Hans Wiegel that resulted in the formation of the Cabinet Van Agt-Wiegel with Van Agt becoming Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 19 December 1977. With the following Dutch general election of 1981, Van Agt again as Lijsttrekker lost one seat and a coalition formation with the Labour Party and the Democrats 66 (D66) resulted in the Cabinet Van Agt II. On 29 May 1982 the Cabinet Van Agt II collapsed after the Labour Party retracted there support. A rump cabinet Van Agt III was formed with Van Agt also serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Cabinet Van Agt III stayed in office until the Dutch general election of 1982. Van Agt again as Lijsttrekker lost three seats and the Christian Democratic Appeal became the second largest party. A cabinet formation with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) was formed but Van Agt unexpectedly announced his retirement from national politics and stood down as Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal on 13 October 1982. Van Agt remaind Prime Minister of the Netherlands until the Cabinet Lubbers I was installed on 4 November 1982.After his premiership, Van Agt remained in active politics and became the Queen's Commissioner of North Brabant serving from 1 June 1983 until 22 April 1987 when he resigned as Queen's Commissioner because of criticism on his performance and his cooperation with the States-Provincial. After leaving North Brabant, he became a diplomat for the European Communities, serving European Union Ambassador to Japan from 1 April 1987 until 1 April 1989 when he became European Union Ambassador to United States serving until 1 April 1995 when he retired from politics at the age of sixty-four. Following the end of his active political career, Van Agt occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards on international non-governmental organizations (InterAction Council, Green Cross International and the Edmund Burke Foundation). Van Agt served as a visiting professor in Japan, first at the Ritsumeikan University from 1995 until 1996, at the United Nations University in 1999 and at the Kwansei Gakuin University from 2001 until 2004. Van Agt also has been active as a anti-war-activist in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict since the 1990s and has been an advocate in promoting the Two-state solution.

Birth: 1938-09-29 (Bergambacht)

Willem "Wim" Kok, Jr. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋɪm ˈkɔk]) (born 29 September 1938) is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 August 1994 until 22 July 2002.Kok a trade union leader by occupation, worked for the Netherlands Association of Trade Unions from 1961 until 1976, when it merged to form the Federation Netherlands Labour Movement, Kok served as its first chairman from 1976 until 1986 when he left to enter politics. Kok was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the Dutch general election of 1986 taking office on 3 June 1986. Soon after the election Joop den Uyl the Leader of the Labour Party and Parliamentary leader of the Labour Party in the House of Representatives announced that he was stepping down after serving twenty years as Leader of the Labour Party. Kok was elected to succeed him and became Leader of the Labour Party and the Parliamentary leader of the Labour Party in the House of Representatives on 21 July 1986. Kok served as Opposition leader against the Cabinet Lubbers II. For the Dutch general election of 1989 Kok became the Lijsttrekker (top candidate) with the Labour Party losing three seats but the following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) which formed the Cabinet Lubbers III, Kok became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, serving from 7 November 1989 until 22 August 1994. For the Dutch general election of 1994, Kok again as Lijsttrekker lost twelve seats but the Christian Democratic Appeal with new Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal Elco Brinkman lost twenty seats. The Labour Party became the largest party in the House of Representatives.After an arduous cabinet formation with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the Democrats 66 (D66) a deal was struck that resulted in the Cabinet Kok I with Kok becoming Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 22 August 1994. The Cabinet Kok I was considered groundbreaking in Dutch politics because it was the first Cabinet of the Netherlands since 1908 without a Christian democratic party. With the following Dutch general election of 1998, Kok again as Lijsttrekker won eight seats and the coalition retained its majority and a cabinet formation resulted in a continuation of the policies with a Cabinet Kok II. On 15 December 2001 Kok announced his retirement from politics and stood down as Leader of the Labour Party that same day. Kok remained Prime Minister of the Netherlands until the Cabinet Balkenende I was installed on 22 July 2002.After his premiership, Kok retired from active politics at the age of sixty-three and became a lobbyist for the European Union and presided over several "high-level groups". Following the end of his active political career, Kok occupied occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards in the business and industry world and several international non-governmental organizations (ING Group, Koninklijke TNT Post, Royal Dutch Shell, KLM, Stork B.V., International Commission on Missing Persons, International Crisis Group, Anne Frank Foundation, Club of Madrid).Kok is known for his abilities as a manager and negotiator. During his premiership, his cabinets were responsible for implementing several social reforms, legalizing same-sex marriage and euthanasia, stimulating the economy for more employment and further reducing the deficit. He holds the distinction of leading the first Purple Coalitions as Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Kok continues to comment on political affairs as an statesman. On 11 April 2003, he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State.

Birth: 1939-05-07 (Rotterdam)

Alma Mater: Erasmus University Rotterdam

Rudolphus Franciscus Marie "Ruud" Lubbers (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈryt ˈlʏbərs]; born 7 May 1939) is a retired Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 until 22 August 1994. Lubbers a businessman and economist by occupation, worked for Hollandia Corporate from 1963 until 1973. After the Dutch general election of 1972 Lubbers was asked by the Catholic People's Party (KVP) to become Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Den Uyl under Prime Minister Joop den Uyl of the Labour Party. Lubbers accepted and took office as the new Minister of Economic Affairs on 11 May 1973. After the Dutch general election of 1977 he was elected as Member of the House of Representatives serving from 8 June 1977 until 8 September 1977 and again from 22 December 1977 until 4 November 1982. On 7 November 1978 Wim Aantjes the Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal in the House of Representatives resigned and Lubbers was selected to succeed him serving from 7 November 1978 until 10 June 1981 and again from 24 Augustus 1981 until 4 November 1982. After the Dutch general election of 1982 Prime Minister Dries van Agt unexpectedly announced his retirement from national politics and stood down as Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal on 13 October 1982 Lubbers was selected to succeed him.A cabinet formation with the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) was formed that resulted in the formation of the Cabinet Lubbers I with Lubbers becoming Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 4 November 1982. With the following Dutch general election of 1986 Lubbers as Lijsttrekker (top candidate) won nine seats and the coalition retained its majority and a cabinet formation resulted in a continuation of the policies with the Cabinet Lubbers II. For the Dutch general election of 1989 Lubbers as again Lijsttrekker won the same amount of seats as the previous election and a coalition formation with the Labour Party (PvdA) was formed that resulted in the Cabinet Lubbers III. On 29 January 1994 Lubbers resigned as Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal and announced his retirement from national politics. Lubbers remaind Prime Minister of the Netherlands until the Cabinet Kok I was installed on 22 August 1994.After his premiership, Lubbers semi-retired from active politics and became a visiting professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and the Tilburg University from 1995 until 2001. Lubbers served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 and finally retiring from active politics at the age of sixty-five. Following the end of his active political career, Lubbers occupied numerous seats on supervisory boards on international non-governmental organizations (World Wide Fund for Nature, Earth Charter Initiative, Club of Rome, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands). Lubbers is known for his abilities as a team leader, consensus builder and a "policy wonk". During his premiership, his cabinets were responsible for rebuilding the Dutch Economy after the recession in the 1980s, stimulating sustainable development, reforming social security and reducing the deficit. He holds the distinction of being both the longest-tenured and the youngest serving Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Lubbers continues to comment on political affairs as an statesman. On 31 January 1995, he was granted the honorary title of Minister of State.

Birth: 1956-05-07 (Biezelinge)

Alma Mater: VU University Amsterdam

Jan Pieter "Jan Peter" Balkenende, Jr. (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈjɑn ˈpeːtər ˈbɑlkənˌɛndə]; born 7 May 1956) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 July 2002 until 14 October 2010.Balkenende a jurist by occupation, worked for the Academic Council and the Christian Democratic Appeal Think tank from 1982 until 1998. Balkenende became a professor of Christian theology at the VU University Amsterdam in 1993. He was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the Dutch general election of 1998, serving from 19 May 1998 until 22 July 2002. After the then Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal and Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives Jaap de Hoop Scheffer stepped down after an internal power struggle between him and then Party chair Marnix van Rij, Balkenende was selected to succeed him in both positions, and became the Lijsttrekker (top candidate) for the Dutch general election of 2002. The Christian Democratic Appeal became the surprising winner of the election, gaining 14 seats becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives. This success was in part owed to Balkenende's neutral attitude in the debates with Pim Fortuyn, the eponymous leader of the Pim Fortuyn List party who was assassinated during the national election campaign on 6 May 2002.The following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement with the Christian Democratic Appeal, Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) which formed the Cabinet Balkenende I with Balkenende becoming Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 22 July 2002. The Cabinet Balkenende I collapsed on 16 October after just 87 days in office after internal conflicts within the Pim Fortuyn List that destabilized the government. For the Dutch general election of 2003, Balkenende again as Lijsttrekker won one seat and the following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement with the Christian Democratic Appeal, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and the Democrats 66 (D66) which formed the Cabinet Balkenende II. On 29 June 2006 the Democrats 66 retracted their support for the Cabinet Balkenende II after criticizing the way Minister for Integration and Immigration Rita Verdonk had handled the crisis around the naturalization of Member of the House of Representatives Ayaan Hirsi Ali. On 7 July 2006 a rump cabinet Balkenende III was formed and stayed in office until the Dutch general election of 2006. Balkenende again as Lijsttrekker lost three seats but the Christian Democratic Appeal remained by far the largest party with 41 seats. The following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement with the Christian Democratic Appeal, the Labour Party (PvdA) and the ChristianUnion (CU) that formed the Cabinet Balkenende IV. On 20 February 2010 the Labour Party retracted their support for the Cabinet Balkenende IV after a disagreement over the extension of the ISAF mission in Afghanistan. For the Dutch general election of 2010, Balkenende again Lijsttrekker lost 20 seats and resigned his position as Leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal on 9 June, taking political responsibility for the disappointing results in the election. Balkenende remained Prime Minister of the Netherlands until the Cabinet Rutte I was installed on 14 October 2010.After his premiership, Balkenende retired from active politics at the age of fifty-four and became a Partner Corporate Responsibility for Ernst & Young and a professor of Governance, Institutions and Internationalization at the Erasmus University Rotterdam.

Birth: 1967-02-14 (The Hague)

Alma Mater: Leiden University

Mark Rutte (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɑrk ˈrʏtə]; born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has been the Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 14 October 2010 and the Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie - VVD) since 31 May 2006. He previously served as Undersecretary for Social Affairs and Employment from 22 July 2002 to 17 June 2004, and Undersecretary for Education, Culture and Science from 17 June 2004 until 27 June 2006, when he was elected to succeed Jozias van Aartsen as the new VVD Leader.At the 2006 general election, the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy under Rutte lost six seats and he became opposition leader. At the following general election in 2010, the VVD won the highest number of votes cast, resulting in their occupying 31 of the 150 seats in the House of Representatives. After a long formation period, Rutte became Prime Minister and formed a Cabinet. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister of the Netherlands in 92 years. He offered his government's resignation on 23 April 2012 after an impasse in talks on an austerity budget, prompting a general election in which the VVD won its highest number of seats ever, which led to a coalition being formed with the VVD and Labour Party. On 5 November 2012, the Second Rutte cabinet was installed by Queen Beatrix.